PROTEINS THAT DEGRADE THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, FACILITATING METASTASIS, ARE SUPPRESSED BY M1 AND M8
Metastasis is a multistep process driven by selective interactions that occur during circulation. Altered adhesion molecules, leading to changes in migration patterns, coupled with the high production of proteolytic enzymes, favors the degradation of the extra cellular matrix barrier, rendering the invasion of adjacent tissues possible. Therefore, our current hypothesis is that M1 and M8 may act directly on cancer cells, without cytotoxicity, suppressing the metastatic phenotype.
Proteins of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix (ECM) in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis, and metastasis. Most MMP’s are secreted as inactive proproteins which are activated when cleaved by extracellular proteinases. This gene encodes an enzyme which degrades type IV collagen, the major structural component of basement membranes. The enzyme plays a role in endometrial menstrual breakdown, regulation of vascularization and the inflammatory response.
Both M1 and M8 reduced the activity of secreted MMP-2, 25.48% and 30.42%, respectively. Through different mechanisms, both M1 and M8 modulated key molecules (ROS, PDGF-B, surface adhesion molecules, and MMP-2) for the melanoma metastatic phenotype, leading to a reduction in the capacity of the cells to generate new colonies and invade other tissues.
The majority anti-cancer chemotherapeutics used clinically are cytotoxic, which causes severe side effects for patients, with limited effective results against metastatic melanoma.
MMP-2 is the main gelatinolytic enzyme in melanoma, mainly produced at the tumor edges, its invasive front. Therefore, the notable finding of ECM degradation reduction by HDNCs may contribute to the impairment of the capacity 0f tumor cells to escape and spread, thus reducing metastasis. Fortunately, it is currently known that molecules can be kept at the air-liquid interface in between dilutions and be carried to the next ones. Therefore, we can now understand high dilutions as a nanomedicine system.
We strongly believe that these complexes may help to increase the survival of patients with metastasis, with therapeutic use as one integrative and complementary therapy.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 55: 721-732, 2019
DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4846